Mechanics molecular kinetic theory free download as powerpoint presentation. Kinetic molecular theory a model for gases chemistry. We may construct a theory of an ideal gas which is in good agreement. Mean free path and e usion 2 assumptions of kinetic theory.
The molecules of a given gas are all identical but are different from those of another gas. The theory posits that gas pressure results from particles collisions with the walls of a container at different. Table \\pageindex1\ postulates of the kinetic theory of gases. Many gases deviate slightly from agreeing perfectly with the kinetic theory of gases. Task question 1 give one word or term for each of the following descriptions. Theory explains the forces between molecules and the energy that they possess. Jun 25, 2019 kinetic theory class 11 notes physics chapter the kinetic theory was developed in the nineteenth century by maxwell, boltzman and others. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Here is your free content for your lesson on the kinetic molecular theory and properties of matter. Atomic and molecular masses are measured in unified atomic mass units u.
This theory is also called the kinetic molecular theory of matter and the kinetic theory. The kineticmolecular theory of gases angelo state university. The aim of kinetic theory is to account for the properties of gases in terms of the forces between the molecules, assuming that their motions are described by the laws of mechanics usually classical newtonian mechanics, although quantum mechanics is needed in some cases. The full set of lecture notes are around 100 pages. Section 1 the kinetic molecular theory of matter explains. Kinetic theory of gases everything up to this point has been empirical there is clearly a great deal of truth in the equations however, there is no physical picture to gain insight, one must develop and validate models we look at a molecular kinetic theory of gases model to begin that process. This theory is based on the following postulates, or assumptions. One of the results of the kinetic molecular theory is the maxwellboltzmann distribution of molecular speeds. The kinetic theory regards a mass of gas as a collection of a great number of independently moving minute solid particles, molecules, or atoms, separated by. The temperature of a gas depends on its average kinetic energy avg12mv 2 32kt. This booklet presents 45 worked examples on gas laws and kinetic theory, which is preceded by an introduction to the theory, laws and formulae associated with the topic.
Reif ends with a much wider ranging discussion of kinetic theory, transport and stochastic processes. In other words, the energy of an ideal gas is entirely kinetic. Kinetic theory class 11 notes physics chapter learn cbse. In this chapter and the next, we will develop the kinetic theory of gases and examine some of its consequences. Assumptions of kinetic theory a molecular flux b pressure and the ideal gas law ii. Here we see how the temperature and pressure of a gas arises from the average movement of its constituent atoms and molecules. We gain a better understanding of pressure and temperature from the kinetic theory of gases, which assumes that atoms and molecules are in continuous random motion. The theory goes by many names, including the kinetic theory of gases, kinetic molecular theory, collision theory, and the kinetic molecular theory of gases. Kinetic theory of gases explains the macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. The kinetic theory was developed in the nineteenth century by maxwell, boltzmann and others. The atomic mass of mercury 200 u is 100 times that of molecular hydrogen 2 u.
This is a graduate course on topics in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, covering kinetic theory, stochastic processes and linear response. Kinetic theory of gases university of saskatchewan. We have already had a look at the gas laws which depict the changing behavior of gases with changing physical conditions. Click download or read online button to get kinetic theory of gases book now. The molecule undergoes a net change of momentum equal to 2mvx. A new perspective for kinetic theory and heat capacity. The maxwellboltzmann distributuion a equipartion of energy b speci c heat capacity c speed distribution iii. A normal solution to the revised enskog kinetic theory of smooth monocomponent granular gases is obtained via the chapmanenskog method for states close to the local homogeneous cooling state. Kinetic theory is a scientific theory regarding the nature of gases. This theory is also called the kineticmolecular theory of matter and the kinetic theory of gases. Schekochihiny the rudolf peierls centre for theoretical physics, university of oxford, oxford ox1 3np, uk merton college, oxford ox1 4jd, uk compiled on 8 january 2020. The kinetic molecular theory explains the constant motion of gas particles. We shall now see how this model can be expressed quantitatively in terms of the kinetic theory of gases. Rt 32 exp mv2 2rt v2 where m is the molar mass of an isotopomer, r is the ideal gas constant, and t is the absolute temperature.
Kinetic theory explains the behaviour of gases based on the idea that the gas consists of rapidly moving atoms or molecules. The kinetic molecular theory explains the forces between molecules and the energy that they possess. Kinetic theories and states of matter eled 303 earth and physical science for elementary teachers kinetic theory and states of matter kinetic molecular theory kinetic energy is energy that an object has because of its motion. The moving molecules of the gas completely fill every container in which the gas is placed. The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is directly proportional to absolute temperature only. The aim is to explain the macroscopic properties of gases, described in section 1. The link between p and n the pressure of a gas results from collisions between the gas particles and the walls of the container. The arrangements of particles in solids, liquids and gases. Ideal gases the kinetic molecular theory accounts for the behavior of atoms and molecules based on the idea that all particles of matter are always in motion. Lecture 8, kinetic theory chris glosser april 15, 2001 1 outline i. The kineticmolecular theory the basic assumptions of kineticmolecular theory are.
The kinetic molecular theory can be used to explain each of the experimentally determined gas laws. Multiplying the kinetic theory equation for pressure by v, the volume of the gas we obtain. Chemistry matters unit 9 segment d kinetic molecular. Essentially, the theory posits that pressure is due not to static. This unit is defined so that the carbon12 atom has a mass of exactly 12. Note 17 the kinetic theory of gases sections covered in the text. Each individual gas molecule can translate in any spatial. Einstein showed in 1905 that this is the result of collisions with individual. According to the basic assumption of kinetic molecular theory gas particles.
The kinetic theory of gases, thermal physics from alevel. Kinetic molecular theory of gases introductory chemistry. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Kineticmolecular theory or the collision theory or the kineticmolecular theory of gases. Rudolf clausius developed the kinetic theory of heat, which relates energy in the form of heat to the kinetic energy of molecules.
Brownian motion is the jittery motion of tiny flecks in water. Much of section 2 of these notes follows the path laid down in the these books. Kinetic molecular theory states that gas particles are in constant motion and exhibit perfectly elastic collisions. Eled 303 earth and physical science for elementary teachers. Postulate 1 zgases consist of discrete molecules that are relatively far apart. Most of the volume which a gas occupies is empty space. This theory is based on three theories about matter. And, to do so, they put forth a theory called the kinetic theory, or the kinetic theory for the behavior of gases. If p is the pressure of the gas and e is the kinetic energy. The kinetic theory of gases is a scientific model that explains the physical behavior of a gas as the motion of the molecular particles that compose the gas. In a similar vein, the temperature of these mercury atoms is 4 times that of the hydrogen molecules in part b. Pdf kinetic theoryfrom euler to maxwell researchgate.
Kinetic theory from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia kinetic theory or kinetic theory of gases attempts to explain macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. A gas consists of particles moving at random in a volume that is primarily empty space. The molecular model of gases is called the kinetic theory of gases and is one of the classic examples of a molecular model that explains everyday behavior. Kinetic molecular theory kmt the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences.
Kinetic theory of gases download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl. You can see how we have been able to relate a macroscopically measurable parameter like pressure to the average behaviour of a large number n of atoms or molecules. The kinetic theory of gases is a model in which molecules move freely with kinetic energy. When a molecule collides with a rigid wall, the component of its momentum perpendicular to the wall is reversed. On the motion of small particles suspended in liquids at rest.
The amazing thing about the kinetic molecular theory is that it can be used to derive the ideal gas law. The kinetic theory of gases, thermal physics from a. Kinetic molecular theory states that molecules have an energy of motion kinetic energy that depends on temperature. States of matter and the kinetic molecular theory mindset learn. The molecules of a gas are identical spherical, rigid and perfectly elastic point masses. Boyle, newton and several others tried to explain the behaviour of gases by considering that gases are made up of tiny atomic. Dec 06, 2017 the kinetic theory of issue was used by the scientist to explain the habits of the atoms and molecules in solids, fluids as well as gases. The model describes a gas as a large number of identical submicroscopic particles atoms or molecules, all of which are in constant, rapid, random motion.
Physics notes class 11 chapter kinetic theory assumptions of kinetic theory of gases 1. History of the kinetic theory of gases by stephen g. Atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and temperature by openstaxcollege is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4. The present discussion focuses on dilute ideal gases, in which molecular collisions. Every gas consists of extremely small particles known as molecules. It gives a molecular interpretation of pressure and temperature of a gas, and is consistent with gas laws and avogadros hypothesis. Kinetic theory atomic and molecular explanation of. Kinetic theory and states of matter kinetic molecular theory kinetic energy is energy that an object has because of its motion. Kinetic theory of gases assumptions there a large number of molecules, n each has mass m moving in random directions with a variety of speeds molecules are far apart from each other on average average separation molecular diameter the molecules obey the laws of classical mechanics newtons laws collisions are perfectly elastic. The kinetic molecular theory considers that atoms and particles making up the issue are always in consistent motion. David tong lectures on kinetic theory university of. However, most gases adhere to the statements so well that the kinetic theory of gases is well accepted by the scientific community.
Chapman and cowling, the mathematical theory of nonuniform gases lifshitz and pitaevskii, physical kinetics both of these are old school. Pressure is force exerted per unit of area by gas molecules as they strike. Development of the kinetic molecular theory of gases concept. Jan 27, 2020 an ideal gas is a gas that exactly follows the statements of the kinetic theory. Kinetic theory of matter by ron kurtus physics lessons. The kinetic molecular theory provides the microscopic model of gases and gives us a picture of the behavior of gases. An essential feature of the modern kinetic theory of gases is that the particles atoms or molecules of a gas occupy a relatively.
Because most of the volume occupied by a gas is empty space, a gas has a low density and can expand or contract under the appropriate influence. In this model, the submicroscopic particles atoms or molecules that make up the gas are continually moving around in random motion, constantly colliding not only with each other but also with the sides of any container that the gas is. Kinetic theory of gases this is a statistical treatment of the large ensemble of molecules that make up a gas. The average number of collisions of molecules with the walls 2. Kinetic theory or kinetic theory of gases attempts to explain macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. Pv 2 3 n this is our first really important kinetic theory result. Schekochihiny the rudolf peierls centre for theoretical physics, university of oxford, oxford ox1 3np, uk. This is the probability distribution for thespeeds vof molecules in a gas. Physics 5d heat, thermodynamics, and kinetic theory. There is a government warning on all aerosol cans that states.
And that is exactly what we are going to take a look at here, this kinetic theory. Lectures on kinetic theory of gases and statistical physics oxford physics paper a1 alexander a. The various properties of a gas can be accounted for that is, can be calculated using this molecular model. Kinetic molecular theory can be used to explain both charles and boyles laws. Real gases do not behave according to the kinetic molecular theory. Note 17 the kinetic theory of gases university of toronto. The kinetic theory of gases is a historically significant, but simple model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases with which many principal concepts of thermodynamics were established. The experimental observations about the behavior of gases discussed so far can be explained with a simple theoretical model known as the kinetic molecular theory.
The kinetic molecular theory of gases describes this state of matter as composed of tiny particles in constant motion with a lot of distance between the particles. The theory helps explain observable properties and behaviors of solids, liquids, and gases. Grade 10 states of matter and the kinetic molecular theory. The molecular kinetic theory of gases the properties of a prefect ideal gas can be rationalized qualitatively in terms of a model in which the molecules of the gas are in continuous chaotic motion. A new perspective for kinetic theory and heat capacity kent w. Prelude to the kinetic theory of gases other gases include those that make breads and cakes soft, those that make drinks fizzy, and those that burn to heat many homes. The microscopic theory of gas behavior based on molecular motion is called the kinetic theory of gases.
The kineticmolecular theory accounts for the behavior of atoms and molecules based on the idea that all particles of matter are always in motion. The gases are composed of small particles called molecules, for any one gas all molecules are. Lectures on kinetic theory of gases and statistical physics. The kinetic molecular theory explains the physical properties of gases.
1451 28 1395 1018 416 962 1304 1302 923 134 938 326 825 1227 1255 864 1484 244 1177 287 1328 425 173 1350 607 834 927 132 655 782 584 891 1440 274 1456 604 758 341 280 854 398 532 54 925 1152 1198